Question Bank

LONG ESSAYS (10 MARKS) 

1. Write a note on absorption and mechanism of drug absorption. 
2. Classify factors influencing absorption of drugs. Explain physicochemical factors in detail. 
3. Explain the pharmaceutical factors and biological or patient related factors influencing drug absorption through GIT. 
4. Define biopharmaceutics. Discuss in detail about kinetics of protein binding. 
5. Define bioavailability. Explain any two methods for measurement of bioavailability. 
6. Write in detail about various approaches for improving dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. 
7. Discuss in detail drug metabolism and metabolism pathways of renal excretion. 
8. Discuss the factors affecting renal excretion. 
9. Explain non-renal route of drug excretion. 
10. Define bioavailability. Explain pharmacokinetic method of assessment of bioavailability.   
11. Define metabolism, explain phase I reactions.  
12. Define and classify bioavailability, write about bioequivalence study. 
13. Discuss in detail one-compartment open model for a drug administrated as I.V infusion. Give the schematic representation, graph and equation for the same. 
14. Discuss in detail one-compartment open model for a drug administrated as I.V bolus. Give the schematic representation, graph and equation for the same. 
15. Write about different compartment models, Advantages and applications, and disadvantages 

SHORT ESSAYS (5 MARKS) 

1. Enlist various mechanisms of drug absorption through GIT. Explain active transport and passive transport. 
2. Explain transcellular/intracellular transport. 
3. Explain passive diffusion. 
4. Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport/ diffusion. 
5. Explain apparent volume of distribution. 
6. Enumerate the factures affecting protein drug binding. Explain any two factors. 
7. Explain tissue permeability of drug in detail. 
8. Discuss absorption of drug from Non per oral extra-vascular routes.
9. Explain the miscellaneous factors affecting drug distribution. 
10. Discuss Physiological barriers to diffusion of drugs.
11. Explain kinetics of protein binding. 
12. Discuss tissue binding of drugs 
13. Write about clinical significance of protein binding.
14. Define clearance. Write a note on renal clearance/ renal excretion. 
15. Define dissolution. Explain various methods to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. 
16. Explain about bioequivalence studies. 
17. Write a note of determination (measurement) of bioavailability. 
18. In-vitro in-vivo correlation. 
19. Explain pharmacokinetic methods of measurement of bioavailability. 
20. Discuss the various study designs for performing bioequivalence studies. 
21. Explain the non-renal route of drug excretion.
22. Discuss pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in plasma drug concentration time profile.
23. Write about mammillary models.
24. Write a note on physiological models. 
25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of physiological models. 
26. Write about non-compartment models. 
27. Differentiate compartment model and physiological model. 
28. What are pharmacokinetic models? Explain various types with their significance.
29. Explain the assumptions on what multicompartment models are based. 
30. Explain drug accumulation during multiple dosing. 
31. Explain steady state drug level and calculation of loading doses. 
32. Explain two compartment open model in brief. 
33. Write a note on Michaelis-menten equation in determining non-linearity. 
34. Explaining various factors causing non-linearity. 
35. Explain the causes of non-linearity.

SHORT ANS QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) 

1. Define absorption and distribution of drug. 
2. Pore transport in drug absorption.
3. What are pinocytosis and phagocytosis? 
4. Enlist physicochemical factors affecting drug absorption. 
5. Explain the patient-related factors affecting drug absorption. 
6. What is the effect of food on absorption of drugs. 
7. What is polymorphism? 
8. Define protein binding. 
9. Enlist the factors affecting protein binding. 
10. List out the proteins responsible protein binding. 
11. Define apparent volume of distribution and write its significance.
12. Define IVIVC 
13. Objectives of bioavailability. 
14. Write limitations of urinary exception data for calculation of pharmacokinetics. 
15. List out non-renal route of drug excretion. 
16. Define absolute and relative bioavailability. 
17. What is clearance? Give the formula for same. 
18. Give the significance of bioequivalence. 
19. Write the formula to calculate hepatic excretion ratio. 
20. Enlist the factors affecting renal excretion of drugs.
21. Define physiological model and write one application. 
22. Define biological half-life. 
23. Define intravenous infusion. 
24. Plot plasma concentration verses time profile. 
25. Define intravenous bolus injection. 
26. What is clinical pharmacokinetics? Write its significance? 
27. Define non-linear kinetics. 
28. What are the limitations of one compartment model? 
29. What is central compartment and permeability? 
30. Give the schematic representation of one compartment open model I.V infusion.
31. Significance of loading dose in clinical setting. 
32. Define steady state in drug level study. 
33. Plot multiple dosage regimens. 
34. What do you mean by central and peripheral compartment in two compartment model? 
35. Enlist two compartment open models.
36. Define non-linear pharmacokinetics. 
37. State Michel-menten equation. 
38. Enlist the drugs following non-linear pharmacokinetic. 
39. Why non-linear kinetics are called dose dependent kinetics? 
40. Enlist the factors causing non-linearity.
41. Explain Pore transport. 
42. Explain ion-pair transport. 
43. Describe Career-mediated transport. 
44. Describe pulmonary excretion and salivary excretion. 
45. Define bioavailability and bioequivalence. 
46. Objectives of bioequivalence studies. 
47. List bioequivalence study designs. 
48. What is nanonization and micronisation. 
49. Enlist Patient related factors of drug absorption. 
50. Enlist dosage related factors influencing drug absorption.